Together with the errors of voicing detection in pitch parametrization, HMM-based speech coding leads to speech discontinuities and unnatural speech sound artefacts. However, an encoder based on a phoneme speech recognition may create bursts of segmental errors these would be further propagated to any suprasegmental (such as syllable) information coding. This allows transmission of information (such as phonemes) segment by segment this decreases the bit rate. Most current very low bit rate (VLBR) speech coding systems use hidden Markov model (HMM) based speech recognition and synthesis techniques.
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